Mountain Man Brewing Company (MMBC)

1. What is Mountain Man Brewing Company’s positioning relative to its competitors? Mountain Man Brewing Company (MMBC) is a 2nd tier domestic beer manufacturer based out of West Virginia. MMBC is positioned as a leader among local brewers in the East Central region, being one of the four regional breweries still operational in West Virginia. MMBC brews only one type of beer – the Mountain Man Lager, a dark bitter tasting beer. Target market for the product is middle aged men from the blue collared working class. Branding includes an image of coal miners on the bottle suggesting a strong taste and reinforcing target market segments to a niche.The beer sells mainly in off-premise locations. There is no variant of Mountain Man Lager available. Although MMBC is a local brewer it really competes against national brands such as Anheuser Busch and Coors. Priced at the same level as national brands, MMBC’s product is a legacy brew and enjoys high brand awareness in the r egions it sells the beer. The brand also enjoys high brand loyalty in its target market segment against national brands. MMBC has been able to achieve this brand equity without significant spending on traditional advertising but rather pursuing on grass-roots advertising.The company however is losing market share and revenues in line with the lager market. Since MMBC does not manufacture a light variant of its lager product the company has not been able to maintain its profits over the past few years. All its competitors are invested in the light beer segment given this scenario. MMBC has also seen shifting market segments due to an aging initial target market segment. The company is also at the risk of losing distributor loyalty thanks to increasing pressure on distributor margins.Summing it up, MMBC is losing market share due to changes in market dynamics while still seeing significant brand loyalty and awareness in its home turf. 2. What factors have contributed to making MMBC a strong brand? Factors contributing to MMBC’s strong brand image are as follows a. Brand awareness and loyalty Mountain Man lager has a high level of awareness among consumers in its target segments. Being positioned as a strong, bitter tasting beer it resonates with the values of hard working blue collar workers. The brand has seen high consumer loyalty over several years. b. Pin point target marketMMBC has been able to target the Mountain Man Lager brand towards specific market segments and been successful at it. Targeted towards middle aged, low to medium income working men, the brand has been able to deliver value to its consumers. c. Grass-roots marketing MMBC has been able to achieve the brand awareness without spending less than 3% of its revenues on advertising. The sales team has been able to create grass root level awareness by positioning the beer as an off-premises brand and by word of mouth advertising as opposed to traditional advertising. This has enabled MMBC t o reap greater brand commitment from its consumers. . What factors have contributed to the decline of MMBC? Although successful, MMBC has seen a decline in sales in the recent years. The main factors contributing to this decline in sales are a. Shifting market segment Mountain Man Lager’s market segment has started to age and new market segments are beginning to form, especially a younger market segment. This has allowed other brands to target the new younger population with â€Å"light† variants of beers which MMBC has not. Mountain Man Lager does not resonate with the younger population’s tastes as it is a strong, dark beer. . Emerging product segmentation The lager segment has been on the decline for a few years, mostly losing to the â€Å"light beer† segment. Given the rapid growth of the light segment of beer the lager market has been steadily losing market share. The light beer segment has grown 4% annually at the cost of the lager market’s s hare. MMBC has not been able to capitalize on this trend as it does not currently offer a light beer. c. Ineffective advertising Given the younger market segment’s preference to consume beer on-premises, MMBC has been unable to promote its products effectively.National beer brands have been able to splurge on advertising and use lifestyle based advertising apart from on-premises advertising to attract new customers. Given MMBC’s small advertising budget it is an uphill task to promote their brand to newer consumer segments. 4. Assuming the company introduces Mountain Man light. Conduct a 1 year and 2 year analysis for the Mountain Man Light brand? Calculation of Break Even Volumes Required – First Year Breakeven|   | Year 1| Current Revenues of MM Beer| 50,440,000. 00| Projected Revenues of MM Beer Next Year| 49,431,200. 00|Projected Contribution from MM Beer| 15,323,672. 00| Projected Loss of Sales from Introduction of MM Light| 2,471,560. 00| Projected Loss of Contribution from Launch of MM Light| 766,183. 60| # Barrels of MM Light Needed to recover Loss of Contribution | 30,188. 48| Cost of Advertising MM Light| 750,000. 00| Incremental SG&A cost| 900,000. 00| # Barrels of MM Light Needed to recover new Advertising Costs + SG&A| 65,011. 82|   |   | # Barrels of MM Light Needed to Break-Even in First Year| 95,200. 30|   |   | Compared to forecast sales in the first year of | 48,735. 19|   |   |Calculation of Year 2 Volumes (Needed to Calculate the 2-year Breakeven|   |   | Year 2| |   | Projected Revenues of MM Beer Next Year| 48,442,576. 00| Projected Contribution from MM Beer| 15,017,198. 56| Projected Loss of Sales from Introduction of MM Light| 2,422,128. 80| Projected Loss of Contribution from Launch of MM Light| 750,859. 93| # Barrels of MM Light Needed to recover Loss of Contribution | 29,584. 71| Cost of Advertising MM Light| 0. 00| Incremental SG&A cost| 900,000. 00| # Barrels of MM Light Needed to recover ne w Advertising Costs + SG&A| 35,460. 99|   |   | Forecast Sales in Year 2| 101,369. 19|   | Calculation of Break Even Volumes Required – Two Year Breakeven|   |   | Two Years of Lost Contribution | 1,517,043. 53| Initial Advertising Costs (One Time only)| 750,000. 00| Two Years of Incremental SG&A| 1,800,000. 00| Contribution per Barrel of MM Light| 25. 38| # Barrels of MM Light Needed to Break-Even in Two Years| 160,246. 00|   |   | Compared to forecast sales over the first two years of | 150,104. 38|   |   | | | 5. Should MMBC introduce Mountain Man Light? Options Grid| | Option 1| Option 2| Description of Option| Launch Mountain Man Light| Do not launch Mountain Man Light| Benefits of Option| a.Tap into a growing market b. Introduce brand to new market segments c. Retain current distribution network| a. Maintain brand image of Mountain Man Lager b. Risk losing market share further c. Lose out on shelf space in distributor network| Strategic Fit| a. Better long term strategic fit b. Ability to turn things around for the brand c. Will help brand position itself among younger consumer segments d. May induce lower brand alienation in the short term| a. No changes to current fit b. Slowing revenues from product segment c.High brand loyalty| Financial Attractive ness| a. Break even in just over 2 years b. High contribution margins (51%) over the long term compared to main brand c. Exposure to new product segments will ensure continues revenues| a. Falling market share (falling by 2% per annum) b. Long term losses imminent c. Long term advertising budget has to be increased drastically| Noteworthy Risks| a. Revenues fall at 2% per annum for the Mountain Man Lager brand b. No significant changes in market dynamics b. Cannibalization is at 5% c. Growth in market share is at 0. 25% for light brand a. Fall in market share not higher than 4% per annum b. Investment in advertising not increased beyond current levels| Final summary MMBC has to int roduce Mountain Man Light to capture market share in the light segment. Without doing that the company runs the risk of losing market share almost in a guaranteed manner over a period of time if not in an accelerated fashion. MMBC has to capture market share by using traditional advertising although it will lose money over 2 years. However since the contribution margins are larger for the Light brand the losses can be made up from year 3.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Essay

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s theory of individualism is a stance that emphasizes the importance of self-reliance for personal success. One of the main tenets of the theory claims that a genius is someone who perseveres with one’s plans regardless of others’ opinions and that nothing is sacred other than the integrity of one’s own mind. This essay will further discuss this tenet to support Emerson’s Individualism. People should live their lives without being burdened by the opinions of others. Emerson, in reference to babes, writes â€Å"their mind being whole, their eye is as yet unconquered†¦ nfancy conforms to nobody; all conform to it. † All of the greatest inventions came about from someone who did not conform to society. Society ends up conforming to those who follow their own dreams, as adults conform to the ways a child acts. In today’s society, success is often measured by a person’s wealth, status and fame. However, no one should judge what success and failure is aside from the person it concerns. Very often society looks down on those who do not conform to its rigid structure. If a person does what everyone else is doing, who will innovate? Unsurprisingly, all those considered successful were those who broke out of the mold and followed their own vision. A genius is someone who perseveres with his or her plans regardless of the negativity around them. Thomas Edison’s teacher said that he was too stupid to learn anything. Although the number of attempts varies, there is a consensus that the lowest number of times Edison failed to create the light bulb was around 1,000. When asked how he felt about failing so much, Edison answered, â€Å"I didn’t fail 1,000 times. The light bulb was an invention with 1,000 steps. † Emerson writes â€Å"God will not have his work made manifest by cowards. † Whether or not a person is religious, the meaning holds true. No coward has ever been able to achieve anything great because cowards tend to give up easily. Another one of Edison’s famous quotes states, â€Å"genius is 1% inspiration, 99% perspiration. † This claim supports Emerson’s Individualism because it takes a genius to perspire and work through the numerous obstacles that stand between him or her and success. Everything can be broken and worked around other than what a person truly believes. Emerson’s theory argues that if a person were to betray his or her own belief, it could be damaging beyond repair. Emerson states, â€Å" if I’m the devil then I shall be the devil,† suggesting only a person’s mind can truly decide what is moral and what is immoral. Emerson also writes, â€Å"to believe your own thought, to believe what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men,-that is genius. This is how revolutions happen, when a large group of people decides that the laws are no longer right. No law, no life, is greater than a person’s own beliefs because Emerson states, â€Å"nothing is sacred other than the integrity of your own mind. † A successful person is often, if not always, fully dedicated to what they believe in because a person will never give up on something they believe to be truly right. Emerson’s theory of Individualism doesn’t encourage selfishness because that would be a moral judgment. The theory does not make any statements of morality. It claims that a person should rely only on himself or herself to make decisions and to define what they believe to be right and wrong. Outside forces should not be relied on or even considered when trying to achieve personal goals. If a person believes that failures are actually successes because they bring them one step closer to the final goal, failure does not exist. Success and happiness will come to a person as long as he or she relies on his or her own judgment, perseveres regardless of the negativity of external influences, and stays true to their minds without breaking their integrity.

Why the consumer should buy BMW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why the consumer should buy BMW - Essay Example Furthermore, the essay will also argue as to why consumers will prefer buying BMW over other luxury cars. BMW’s innovations and performances in the segment of luxury car have acquired the repute of ‘the Ultimate Driving Machine’ from its numerous loyal customers. Automobiles are subjected to make regular and proper maintenance in order to ensure long life of the vehicle. However, maintenance costs of the vehicle are not for free and generally appear with a considerable price. Annually, it may cost approximately US $500 in maintenance for most of the luxury cars in the initial stages. However, at the later stages, a consumer may require to incur huge expenses due to massive changes in the machinery parts of the vehicle (BMW of North America, LLC, â€Å"Owners†). In relation to the operational performances, it has been viewed that BMW offers free maintenance of its vehicles to its customers for a period of four years. In fact, more than US $2,000 can be saved relating to the maintenance costs in contrast with other luxury cars. Furthermore, the company provides much assistance to its customers by offering roadside support without any additional costs for the initial 4 years.

Theology 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theology 101 - Essay Example Martyrdom of Perpetua and her Companions record that it is Perpetua’s brother who suggested to her that she could receive a vision. Dame Julian’s vision’s happened after a priest who visited her left. According to St. Augustine, human beings are an embodiment of the body and soul. St. Augustine believed that humans are responsible for their misfortunes because they choose corruptible things over incorruptible ones. In Confessions, he reckoned that he needed continence and chastity but he kept postponing. To Augustine, the soul is eternal and choosing the spiritual is what brings transformation to human hearts and souls. Paul divided human nature into three; the spirit, soul and body. Interestingly, in Romans 7, he uses the analogy of the inner and outer man revealing another one of his perspectives of human nature. Paul believed transformation in human hearts and souls comes after believing in Jesus. According to Paul, embracing spiritual life is the remedy for sin. Champions of the Protestant Reformation took issue with several aspects of the Roman Catholic theology. While, Roman Catholicism taught that the same deposit of faith inspired tradition and scripture, the reformers believed that the scripture was the only authority in the life a believer. The reformers held that salvation is the result of grace through faith contrary to what Roman Catholicism taught that salvation was solely by faith. Reformers held that all Christian believers were priests hence contending that Roman Catholic’s institution of the priest. Luther followed the footsteps of his predecessor reformers in his revolutionary actions. He stuck his ninety-five theses on a church and destroyed the pope’s warning of excommunication in public. Early western reformers remained in church neither executed nor excommunicated because of the hope that they would change their reformation ideas. The Second Vatican Council of the Catholic Church took place between

Contacts to ZnO (zinc oxide) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Contacts to ZnO (zinc oxide) - Research Paper Example Furthermore, as ZnO films and crystals may be interfaced with a variety of metals to form schottky and ohmic contacts. ZnO contacts have the capability of replacing conventional or time tested materials that have been used including the AlInGaN system and so, ZnO contacts may pave way for more reliable and less costly appliances. ZnO has a hexagonal or wurtzite crystal structure. The wurtzite structure is formed with the Zn atoms being tetrahedrally coordinated with four O atoms. This allows the Zn d shell electrons to hybridize with the p shell of O. ZnO has a density of 5.606 g/cm3, melting point of 1975Â °C and exciton binding energy of 60mEV. The compound is a direct band gap semi conductor that has Eg=3.2eV. ZnO can be molded to produce desired electrical properties by divalent subsititution on the cation site. ZnO supports both n-type and p-type doping. The presence of Zn interstitials, O vacancies and hydrogen .The intrinsic level defects that cause n-type doping are 0.01-0.05eV below the conduction band. The material possesses an intrinsic direct band gap, a strong exciton state and gap states due to the presence of point defects. A study of the optical properties of ZnO by use of photoluminesence, photoconductivity and absorption confirms the presence of point defects[10].. ZnO is a wide gap semi conductor. Wide gap semi conductors are known to be more susceptible to n type doping; such as n-type doping through of ZnO through addition of excess Zn, Aluminum or Gallium. In this instance ZnO can be easily doped to form n-type material rather than p-type material. The reason behind the difficulty in doping ZnO to form p-type material can be linked to a number of reasons. In some cases, the inate point defects within the material compensate for the additional impurity by forming deep level traps. In other instances strong lattice relaxations push the dopant energy level deeper into the

Behavior Change amd the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Behavior Change amd the Environment - Essay Example ..† Personally, I consider this idea as an expression of Pollan’s sense of responsibility toward the environment that primarily focuses on individual, conscientious action toward environmental welfare. This is because, throughout the article, Pollan provides suggestions on how to reduce one’s carbon footprints such as having a garden in the backyard. Pollan also suggests, in the later part of the article, that behavioral change for environmental welfare is an expression of independence, â€Å"to find ways to provide ourselves without diminishing the world† (255). Pollan also argues that although behavioral change may seem a futile effort, it is still a viable solution to the problem and this idea is grounded on the â€Å"chain reaction of behavioral change† wherein the action of a single person encourages other people to do the same. In Greed in the Name of Green, Hesse asserts that â€Å"going green† is not merely buying organic products; rat her, it is reducing the consumption of environmentally hazardous products. Throughout the article, Hesse maintains a sarcastic tone because she humorously criticizes the buying patterns of the consumers without them realizing the actual reason of doing such change. In the article, Hesse cites several instances wherein consumers change their buying patterns with the belief that those changes are environmentally beneficial. However, in retrospect, behavioral change is commonly undergone because â€Å"going green† has become a trend. Relatively, Hesse concludes that â€Å"when wannabe environmentalist tries to change purchasing habits without also altering their consumer mind-set, something gets lost in translation† (248). While reading the two articles, I realized that it is really necessary to evaluate our behaviors as consumers, particularly in relation to environmental welfare and protection. Although I realize that behavioral change may seem insufficient in recoverin g the deteriorating resources of the Earth, I would still go with the idea that behavior modification is a viable solution to the existing environmental problems. This is because behavioral change is a reasonable initiative to do, and it also benefits both the environment and the consumers. The Merits of Bothering to Change Consumer Behavior In the article Behavioral Analysis and Environmental Protection, Lehman and Geller assert that the lack of environmental concern and the increasing prevalence of non-eco-friendly products and services account to the destruction of the environment (14). Specifically, the materials used and the manner of production and transportation cause the increase in the carbon dioxide concentration of the Earth, which, in turn, increases the temperature by .6 degrees Celsius in the past 150 years. Lehman and Geller also report that the death of 800,000 people annually is attributable to air pollution (15). Considering this case, Lehman and Geller suggest tha t if human behavior is the reason of the increasing environmental deterioration, it may also be the reason for environmental recovery (13). The emergence of natural calamities and extreme weather conditions is enough reason to encourage people to change their buying behaviors and make environmentally conscious decisions. While reading the articles by Hesse and Pollan, I was able to derive three benefits of behavioral change for environmental welfare. Specifically, behavioral change

Why do I want to join the Doctorate (Phd) program for Business Personal Statement

Why do I want to join the Doctorate (Phd) program for Business - Personal Statement Example Contemporary universities have offered programs in diverse and multidimensional formats that ensure the holistic development of the students. In this regard, I am most enthusiastic and determined to pursue a Doctorate of Business Administration from Abu Dhabi University, one of the most prestigious universities in the country, deemed to fulfill both personal and professional goals. As I was remunerating on the career paths available for business doctorates, I was initially ambivalent from the following options: a profession that is purely in academics; an endeavor delving into a potentially rewarding career with a global organization; or eyeing a combination of a career that balances requirements between academics and consulting for businesses. After careful soul searching and weighing opportunities in conjunction with personal interests, I have decided on a career that further develops my business acumen in the field I am currently in. I am currently the Group CEO of a prominent Rea l Estate company called "Dubai Properties Group" since 200; and previous to that I worked as the CEO for Tatweer (another Real Estate company in Dubai) from 2006 to 2009. Working in this capacity made me recognize the need to hone my interpersonal, informational and decisional skills. As CEO, I have intermittently assumed the roles of the taskmaster, mediator, motivator and organizational designer. To expand my perspectives on presiding over the total enterprise, I have recognized the need to pursue higher education focusing on marketing and management to address the needs of the company, in response to competitive pressures and of changes in diverse factors of the external environment. In this regard, I would particularly be interested into conducting a research on the future directions open to real estate companies given the recent slum the resulted from the financial crisis that was globally entrenched. A potential research study on the problems that continue to besiege real esta te companies in our country with the aim of providing strategies to address weaknesses and threats would assist in the improvement of the real estate industry, in general. Pursuant to Abu Dhabi University’s mission of producing â€Å"global leaders who understand the challenges of our time and make positive contributions to national and global prosperity†¦ not limited to educating students but also to transforming the UAE into a vibrant, prosperous and strong nation† (Abu Dhabi University: Chancellor Welcome, par. 1), I plan to be an active contributor to the transformation of the real estate industry into a more dynamic and productive sector. My role as a CEO required me to be heavily involved, since 2009, in restructuring the organization, development of a prudent governance framework, corporate governance, development of a strategic 5 year business plan with explicitly defined organizational mission, objectives and values. Through pursuing the doctorate degree in business administration, I would be accorded the perfect opportunity to develop policy making skills and strategic development of plans and prospects that would be deemed significant and crucial in responding to the needs of more sophisticated clientele. As I reviewed the program profile, I was immediately attracted to its goal of supporting â€Å"the ability of candidates to develop their knowledge and provide them with a sound understanding of theories in addition to applying them, while helping centers of higher education, consultants and academics specialized in business admin

Critiques of Management Theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critiques of Management Theories - Assignment Example This paper therefore gives an account of certain management theories by providing a detailed critique on each and how they affect organizational management. Additionally, the theories are going to be discussed in correspondence to the contributions of Frederick Taylor and Max Weber, and how they would have perceived each of these theories. Before getting into the main discussion of these management theories, foremost of all, Taylor’s and Weber’s contributions will thus be looked at briefly as discussed below. Frederick Taylor’s contributions to organizational management are considered very instrumental in changing the perceptions and approach to management. Taylor came up with what is known as scientific management. The theory is credited for the belief that it would improve the working environment by motivation employees through remuneration and maintaining that managers should concentrate on activities that promote worker’s cooperation. Weber on the othe r hand developed principles that came to be known as ideal bureaucracy which mostly insisted on the division of labor and specialization, positive relationship and competency as the key tools for effective management (Rainey, 2011). The Hawthorne Studies The Hawthorne studies were an analysis which was conducted between 1927 and 1932 at Western Electric’s Hawthorne Company in Cicero, Illinois. Several research teams engaged in the study including Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger from Harvard faculty members and William Dickson the head of Hawthorne’s employee relations research division. The study was focused on the effects of different levels of lighting on the productivity by controlling the lighting in the area in which the employees work. These were known as the physical and environmental influences of the workplace. The lighting or illumination studies also focused on the psychological aspects such as how lighting manipulates group pressure, leadership and team work. The employee’s group productivity was assessed and compared with that of another employee group whose lighting was left unaltered. The findings were that as illumination was increased in the experimental employee group, productivity also improved. This was suggested that it was due to the impact of the motivational effect on the workers as they were pleased by the attention from the researchers and as a result of the interests being shown in them during the study. Regardless of the experiment, one reasonable conclusion is that the productivity of the other group not exposed to lighting continued to increase considerably. The illumination studies after a while was therefore short-lived, but its evaluation effect is still practiced to date. These findings thus become the contributing factors to the strengths and weaknesses of the Hawthorne effect. The strength of this study is that it is surely a tool that gives a framework which can be used to increase the productivity o f workers within an organizational set-up through the motivation of workers, appreciating their work input and output, and maintaining quality working environments. This can be applied in today’s hospitals and healthcare systems, by improving the working conditions and work environments of medical staff and other personnel. Additionally, it enhances motivation on medical workers when consistent positive changes are made in the working environment, thereby enhancing work behavior and quality service delivery from hospitals and the health care systems. On the contrary, the weaknesses of the study are that as much as it

Desert Flora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Desert Flora - Essay Example Olive trees are in abundance in the Mediterranean desert toward the north of the Sahara desert. Plants found in the desert of Utah include mesquite (Prosopis), Cacti, and Yucca. Perennials, unlike, annuals, survive in the Utah desert all the time. Some perennials have deep root systems to reach the subterranean water. For example, Yucca’s roots exist 40 feet below the ground surface whereas the roots of mesquite (Prosopis) can penetrate up to 100 feet below the surface (Andersen, 1996, p. 5). The desert of Utah has an open nature with shrubs spaced widely apart. This speaks of the low content of moisture and is suggestive of extensive underground roots’ pattern. The main factor the limits the plants’ survival in the desert of Utah is water. Plants have different structural mechanisms to deal with this problem. Waxy coatings on the plants’ stems serve to reflect heat and reduce evaporation e.g. the leaves of Incienso covered with dense fine hairs serve the very

Human resource developement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human resource developement - Assignment Example This paradigm shift in mode of recruitment constitutes internet recruitment where the job vacancies are posted online and interested candidates apply online. This system entails formatting application forms which should duly be filled by the potential recruits and they are directed regarding all the minimum requirements with mandatory sections to be filled. It is worth to note that the recruitment software system is developed in such a way that failure to fill some of the compulsory parts rejects submission of the application. Complete filling of the application is accompanied by uploading some required relevant credentials. The general benefit of adopting this technology is its efficiency and wide geographical coverage across the word for any potential applicant. This mode of recruitment fails to give the organizations the desired candidates in some cases due to lack of face-to-face interaction with the candidates to learn more personal attributes that include being presentable, oral communication techniques and professional mannerisms. The issue of personal touch with the recruits to learn some observable qualities that is significant in the performance of the organization is equally lost (Snell & Bohlander, 2013). It is also important to underline the growing cost of reviewing resumes of the employees due to the omissions and commissions experienced from online recruitment process. The performance of the employees is influence by the mode of recruitment that was used. It is important to note that the overall performance of the firm highly depend on the quality of human capital employed and its productivity (Snell & Bohlander, 2013). The perception of the employees in workplace is shaped by the environmental conditions that he/she experienced from the recruitment panel and the procedure of recruitment. The length of the recruitment procedure has significant influence in the psychological preparation of the

Academic and Professional Skills Development Essay Example for Free

Academic and Professional Skills Development Essay There is a new world in the academic and the post academic the students must adapt themselves to. The world has become increasingly competitive and there is an exponential expansion of knowledge and information and this means that the students who will survive in this new world order are the ones who will adapt to keep up with this highly dynamic world. The way universities used to be has changed and they are now not only centres of disseminating knowledge, but also centres of promoting change (Soontiens, 2002). This change is not just intellectual change, it is all encompassing change that makes a complete makeover of the raw material it receives in the formative years and gives out a refined product that is well shaped to tackle the emerging issues in the world. Gone are the days when having a degree was something to be cerebrated by all and sundry. Nowadays, if you have just the undergraduate degree, you are just another first among equals and you do not have any competitive advantage over millions of others who have a first degree like you. This means that learning is a life long process and this world belongs to those who understand this fact (Verville, 1990). This is because the world is now being moved by knowledge and information, and these are two highly dynamic facets; how else do you acquire them apart form engaging seriously in lifelong learning (Soontiens, 2002). Even the world economies have changed from the conventional heavy economies to the modern knowledge based economies where knowledge and information and not machineries and physical labour are now the drivers of the economies. The most powerful thing right now in the world is information and knowledge and students must dedicate their lives to continuous process of learning to be able function in this highly knowledge driven world (Soontiens, 2002). Another important element that the universities are emphasizing today is critical thinking. Thinking is important but critical thinking is what differentiates a smart student or even worker from the rest (Soontiens, 2002). The more the world is changing, the more the problems are evolving and the solutions to these problems must be found for progress to take place. These problems cannot be solved by ordinary thinkers; they can only be solved by critical thinkers. This is another area that the universities are focusing on. They are out to churn graduates with acute problem solving skills by teaching them how to make critical analyses of life situations (Soontiens, 2002). For the students to be said that they have adequate problem solving skills, they must be able to use some habits of the mind and one of these habits is formation of perspectives; which involve the organization of arguments into parts and then separate the most important from the least important. It also involves separating opinions from facts and then the value of each is appreciated (Verville, 1990). This is the basis of critical thinking. Another habit of the mind that is involved in critical thinking is analysis. After forming perspectives, it is important to ponder on the arguments in a way that is reflective. This involves the use of logic and also knowing the limits of the analysis. The other critical habit of the mind that is involved in the process of critical thinking is imagination (Soontiens, 2002). This is the disposition to make an evolution of your view of an issue using contemporary and conventional patterns that will suffice now and in the future. A university that is not equipping its students with the aforementioned abilities is in a very wrong path. The workplace, just like the academic arena has changed significantly. Education alone cannot help one to fit in the contemporary work environment because of its highly social and flexible nature. Thus the universities are putting this into consideration by ensuring that they do not mould academic giants and social dwarfs who cannot fit in today’s workplace. They are churning out all round products that are readily prepared to face the challenging job market and the demanding workplace (Verville, 1990). That is why you see in the workplace today, people are not necessarily doing what they studied. Education students are working in banks, Law students are working as news reporters and so on. This means that one thing that the universities are teaching very well is flexibility: do not just follow one line, there are many things you can do there with your education. In the workplace, the workers must be able to work as a team and individually.   There are some more habits of the mind that can help them to fit well in the highly challenging, demanding and evolving workplace (Soontiens, 2002). One of these habits of the mind is empathy. Empathy involves sensing reasonable views, revering all views and honoring the one that is the most persuasive. The other habit of the mind is communication which is the ability to take the duty of explaining ideas in a clear, truthful and sober way that respects all those who are listening to them or seeing them being communicated.   The other habit of the mind that ought to be developed is that of commitment. This is the recognition of the necessity to act when there is an action worth attention and being patient to the situation one has stepped forward to respond to (James, 2003). The current generation takes the flak for the many ills that are happening in the society. The generation has been labeled as irresponsible, insensitive and morally corrupt and the universities are taking measures to ensure that all the raw materials they receive will be devoid of the aforementioned tags by the time they are being churned out as products. This means that apart from just giving the intellectual knowledge, they are also equipping the students with skills that will make them responsible members of the society who can be trusted to take over the leadership from the old conservative generation that is far beyond the benefit of the modern information and knowledge revolution. This means that there are programs that are teaching leadership skills, social welfare skills and may other skills that can make the students reliable members of the society (Verville, 1990). The habits of the mind that can help the students to become more responsible members of the society include, value which is the choice to apply a pattern of behavior that is intellectual and ignoring the patterns that are less productive. The other habit of the mind is inclination that includes the tendency to apply the aforementioned behavior without pressure or motivation (James, 2003). Sensitivity is another habit of the mind that will make the students to become more responsible members of the society because of its ability to perceive opportunities and threats and also emphasizes the appropriateness of applying behavior that is intellectual in pursuit of opportunities and in evasion of threats. Capability is a habit of the mind that will help the students in application of the basic intellectual skills that are central to behavior while commitment on this platform means the desire to reflect and improve the behavioral performance (James, 2003). In conclusion, university students in the contemporary world must adapt to the knowledge and information that is expanding markedly. They must be life long learners who think critically and are flexible to be able to fit in this highly dynamic world. They must be problem solvers who can work independently and in a team. The education system today, apart from teaching the basics of education is also teaching the students to become responsible citizens who are open minded and can communicate with people from allover the world.   This new approach by the universities is a step in the right direction and should become a global concept inherent in all the academic systems. As illustrated in the essay, this new mode of learning borrows heavily from Costa and Carrick the Habit of the mind and it puts a whole new psychological dispensation to the world of academia that will ensure the mind must change for the individual to embrace the change in the society.

Mary C. Breckinridge and the Frontier Nursing Service

Mary C. Breckinridge and the Frontier Nursing Service Laura J. Roberson Abstract This paper explores the life and legacy of Mary C. Breckinridge, the creative force behind the Frontier Nursing Service. Despite great hardship and heartache, Mary never faltered in her desire to improve the health care of every child. Instead of seeing the daunting task as an insurmountable obstacle, Mary continually looked for ways to make positive change. Statistics show the incredible contribution that Mary and the Frontier Nursing Service made to the health and well-being of the children and families of eastern Kentucky. In addition, Breckinridge was instrumental in bringing nurse midwifery to the United States. This paper provides a snapshot of the contributions that Mary C. Breckinridge made to the profession of nursing and health care for rural women and children. Building A Legacy: Mary C. Breckinridge and the Frontier Nursing Service While no one will live forever, a person can continue to exist through the legacy they leave and the impact that it has made and will continue to make in the world. Mary C. Breckinridge, the founder of The Frontier Nursing Service, left a legacy that is still influencing lives and nursing practice almost 50 years beyond her death. Events Leading To Development of the Frontier Nursing Service Born into a famous family, the Breckinridge name provided many opportunities and open-doors for Mary. However, Clifton and Katherine, Mary’s parents, were not as monetarily affluent as the rest of the Breckinridges. They taught their children that â€Å"personal qualities such as honesty, integrity, and service to others, rather than a large financial fortune, determined their worth† (Goan, 2008, p. 22). In addition, southern culture encouraged young females to be â€Å"demure and self-sacrificing, focusing on the needs of others† (Goan, 2008, p. 23). Mary’s adventurous and ambitious personality, combined with the influence of her family and society left her determined to use her giftedness to help others. After the untimely death of her first husband, Mary spent the summer of 1907 at the Elisabeth McRae Institute, a home for girls in North Carolina. Experiences there prompted Mary to enter nursing school at St. Luke Hospital in New York City. She graduated with honors and passed her state boards in 1910. Mary married her second husband in October of 1911. She became a traveling lecturer with the United States Children’s Bureau which allowed her to see the predicament of rural mother’s first hand. At the end of her term with the bureau, Mary went to France to help with reconstruction after the end of World War I. With the financial backing of her mother, Mary helped improve the health of malnourished children. During this time, Mary developed the administrative skills that would assist her with successfully running the Frontier Nursing Service. She developed a visiting service in France that provided healthcare to men, women, and children in her territory. In one year, she increased her area of responsibility from one village to 72. Mary returned to the United States, divorced her second husband, and one month later, her mother died. Once again she was faced with the decision of what to do with her life. Her experience in France and her contact with British nurse-midwives, prompted her to think of the possibilities of a similar need in the United States, especially with rural mothers and children. Access to physicians in rural areas was virtually nonexistent. Typically the closest doctor could be 100 miles away. Pregnant women were assisted by untrained family members or neighbors when they were ready to deliver or gave birth alone. These conditions greatly concerned Mary, inspiring her to develop a plan to offer low-cost care to rural mothers and babies. She submitted a proposal to the American Child Health Association, which included free health care for every child within her organization’s territory. Mothers would also receive health care. Central to her plan was a new direction for nursing, the profe ssional nurse-midwife. These caregivers were trained in both nursing practice and specialized obstetric care. They could handle normal deliveries but would have access to a physician for difficult births (Hostutler, Kennedy, Mason, Schorr, 2000). The Frontier Nursing Service When making the decision of where to locate her proposed health service, she was drawn to the plight of the people of Appalachia, specifically eastern Kentucky. After training and receiving certification through the British Central Midwives, Mary returned to Kentucky in 1925. She hired her first two employees, promising them $150 per month plus living expenses. The first clinic opened in Hyden, Kentucky in September 1925, followed by six additional outpost-nursing centers. The nurse-midwives that staffed these centers held clinics and made house calls via horseback to provide home care. Each center served an average of 250 families. Besides tending to the administration of the organization and seeing patients, much of Mary’s time in the early years was spent raising funds. In 1927, Breckinridge changed the name of her organization to the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS). Breckinridge raised money for a twelve-bed hospital that was dedicated on June 26, 1928. It became the center of the FNS medical system. In November 1939, Mary established the Frontier Graduate School of Midwifery to supply the need for trained midwifes. The school has been open since that time and has continued to add additional degrees including a nurse practitioner program. Despite drought, famine, the great depression and wars, Breckinridge championed the cause of the Appalachian people and through effort and patience she developed a deeper understanding of the region’s problems. By her death in May of 1965, Mary raised almost ten million dollars for the FNS and left an endowment of more than two million dollars. During her time of leadership, the FNS provided service to almost 58,000 patients, provided 248,000 inoculations, delivered 14,500 babies, and lowered the maternal death rate in eastern Kentucky, from the highest in the country to well below the national average (Frontier Nursing Service, 2014). When a mid-wife in Nashville, Tennessee was asked if she knew of Mary Breckinridge and if Mary’s work had affected her in any way, she said, â€Å"Mary was an eternal optimist operating within the accepted social norms of her time, but determined to make her world a better place. She paved the way for all of us that would follow her exam ple. Thanks to her leadership, I have had the opportunity to pursue a very rewarding career in midwifery† (T. Bruce, personal communication, October 4, 2014). Mary Breckinridge created a legacy whose ripple effects will continue to affect eastern Kentucky, the United States and the world for a long time to come. References Frontier Nursing Service (2014) History of Mary Breckinridge. Retrieved from https://www.frontiernursing.org Goan, M. (2008). Mary breckinridge: The frontier nursing service and rural health in appalachia. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Hostutler, J., Kennedy, M.S., Mason, D., Schorr, T.M. (2000). Nurses and models of practice. American Journal of Nursing, 100(2), 82-83. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.ezproxy.mtsu.edu/sp-3.13.0b/ovidweb.cgi?

Effect Of Insecticides On Honey Bees Biology Essay

Effect Of Insecticides On Honey Bees Biology Essay Introduction: Pollinators are very important for the production of any crop as they play very important role for pollination of the flowers and crops. Bees are considered one of the major pollinators of the agricultural crops. The study of this issue is very important as well as difficult due to the complex interaction of bees with their hosts. Many environmental factors are involved in the complexity of this interaction (Schmid, 1975). Honey bees are good pollinators but they are not common for all crops (Batra 1995). Most people are interested in honey and wax production by bees but some honey bees are used in orchard pollination, where they take nectar and pollen for the purpose (Cheung 1973). Honey bees are most vulnerable pollinators of agricultural crops as USDA estimated the financial value of these profitable pollinators that is approximately 15- 20 dollars billion per year (Johnson 2010). On the other hand, they are very sensitive insects as they are disturbed by the common environmental factor like pollution. Pesticides are the chemicals that are most widely used to control pests in crop production. When different chemicals are applied to the crops, they not only affect the pests of the crops but also harm the beneficial insects as pollinators, predators and parasites etc. This harmful effect disturbs the natural balance between the insects and their natural hosts. The table below shows the dependence of agricultural crops on honey bee pollination. Almond, Alfalfa, Apple, peaches, carrots, sunflower, onion, broccoli and citrus with other field crops are given with their dependence. Estimated value of Honey Bee to US crop production, 2000 estimates (Johnson, 2010) Use of chemicals (Pesticides) in agricultural crops is important to get required production on one side while on other side, safety of honey bees and other natural enemies from these chemicals are also required. But if these chemicals are not used against insect pests of the crops, it will also create problems for producers as they can not be able to get such production that can fulfill the food requirements of nation or worldwide. Large number of bee colony developers is present in The United States that provides bees as pollinators, commercially to different crop producers. U.S. Department of Agricultureà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s (USDA) 2007 Census point out that 2.9 million bee colonies are used for 28,000 operations in the United States. Increasing use of chemicals (insecticides and pesticides) to control the other problems of crop production disturbs honey bees populations either natural or reared commercially. Johnson 2010 gave the map that shows the disorder in honey bees colonies in different states in 2009. http://beealert.blackfoot.net/ Johnson (2010) gave the reasons for colonies collapses in his report by the data collected under the information provided by USDA. These colony loses in honey bees disturbs Agricultural economy of the country, so scientists try to explore that chemicals that are less or not harmful for the pollinators and they started performing different experiment by using different chemicals to check their efficacy against honey bees activities and pollination. Complete give up of chemicals is not possible as they effect the production of different agricultural crops (Akca et al. 2009), but these chemicals should be use under certain limits. According to the Pretty 1995, the over usage of these agrochemicals make the soil and environment deteriorated and on the other side genetic diversity of the living organisms is also disturbed. Many scientists focused on all non target insects while some are more specific towards the pollinators, their behavior and activities against insecticides which are commonly used for crop pests (Liong et al. 1998; Qadri et al. 1994). Different chemicals and methodologies are carried by different scientists to explain the effectiveness of certain chemicals against honey bee normal functioning. Some of them are given here. Methodologies by Different scientists and their results: Akca et al. 2009 performed an experiment by using 8 chemicals against worker honey bees. They used residual film method for each chemical. Physical conditions for experiment were 25O C and 75% RH and data was collected after 1, 8, 16 and 24 hours. Honey bees of 20 days or less were used in experiments. Three different doses for each chemical were used (recommended, 1/2 and 1/4 of recommended) at same physical conditions. Above is the table that shows the chemical used, their recommended doses and their groups to which these chemicals belong. Their results revealed that all of the insecticides with all doses are toxic to the honey bees after last three intervals except Azadirechtin. All chemicals are significantly toxic to time and doses while the mortality goes on decreasing when dose was reduced. Among all toxic compounds, they found that Sevin XLR was the most fast acting and toxic to the honey bees. Under the light of this experiment, it was concluded that the chemicals that are botanical in nature have less or no toxic to the honey bees. They are organic in nature and environmentally safe. The scientists concluded that it is needed to find out bio-chemicals that does not effect adversely to the bees but have good control of pests. Needham and Stevenson 1973 performed an experiment by using three chemicals, Malathion EC, Azinphos-methyl EC and Endosulfan WP. They performed experiment under natural conditions in field. They sprayed chemicals while bees were foraging on the oil seed rape crops and notice the mortality after 1 and 28 days. They found that mortality was maximum for Malathion and then Azinphos-methyl while for Endosulfan it was very low. Table for results of these chemicals is given below. For this result, they concluded that the formulations of the chemicals play important role for their toxicity. For this conclusion, they performed another experiment by taking two chemicals, Endosulfan and Azinphos-methyl with both formulations. The method of experiment was same as before. But this time, they found that the wetablepowder (WP) formulations were mote toxic than emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The table for results is given as: It is revealed from the results that again Azinphos-methyl was more toxic than Endosulfan no matter what the concentration was. Though all chemicals had effect on Acetyl cholinesterase of the brain of honey bees. So they concluded that the choice of chemical is more important than the concentrations of the chemicals. In the same way different experiment with different hypothesis are carried out by different scientists to show the effect of chemicals on the activity of honey bees as a pollinator and their role for the crop production. Some of the literature review is given below about the work on honey bees against different chemical and different methodologies by different scientists. Review of Literature: Akca et al. (2009) studied the effect of eight different insecticides on honey bees and check their acute toxicity level on hazelnut pests. They used Karate, Deltanete, Sevin, Oncol, Mesurol and Neem @ of their recommended dose and below (1/2 and 1/4 of recommended dose) against Honeybees. They found that Azadirechtin is most safe and environmental friendly insecticide as compare to all other. They also revealed from their experiment that Sevin is one of the most dangerous insecticides for the honeybee activity. In their experiment they recommend that Azadirechtin should be used to control the Hazelnut pests. Batra (1995) presented a review article about the importance of the honey bees as a pollinator for different crops. He described the situations before and after the application of agricultural practices in a field crop that disturb the population of bees to the hosts. Halm et al. (2005) presented New Risk Assessment Approach for Systemic Insecticides: The Case of Honey Bees and Imidacloprid (Gaucho). This publication explains an approach to estimate the risk of systemic insecticides more precisely. They estimated two levels that were levels of exposure (PEC) and toxicity (PNEC). PECs are determined for different Honey bees categories in order to estimate the amount of contaminated pollen and nectar consumed. PNECs are estimated or calculated for chronic, acute and sublethal toxicities of the test chemical. All of the experiment was done under field conditions. These assessments are used to describe the risks of the systemic insecticides against honey bees. Iwasa et al. (2004) performed an experiment on honey bees by taking different neonicotinoids in topical application in laboratory. They found that nitro-substituted compounds like imadacloprid and dinotefuran were more toxic as compared to Cyano-substituted compounds like acetamaprid and thiacloprid. They also studied the effect of some synergists like piperonyl butoxide, triflumizole and propiconazole. They observed that these synergists increased the effect of cyano-substituted compounds towards more toxic while nitro-substituted compounds were not affected by these synergists. Kevan (1999) gave the name, bioindicators to the honey bees. According to him, pollinators and pollination is important for all ecosystems specially agriculture. They are as sensitive to the changes in environment as they are getting easily harmed by the competitors, diseases, predators and parasites on one side while they are easily defeated by the physical and chemical factors like chemical application and habitat modification. According to Kevan, honeybees are indicators of the atmospheric pollutions as they are functionally disturbed by the abnormalities in the environment. Montana, Department of agriculture (2007) published a report about the role of pesticides and honey bees in the production of agricultural crops. In this report, they described that insecticides application not only control the other pests of the crops but also disturb the honey bee population while on the other hand if insecticides are not applied to control the other pests of the crop, the production by the crops is also disturbed. So in this guideline, they give some general suggestions and ideas for the application of insecticides and chemicals to control the insect pests of the crops. Needham and Stevenson (1973) studied the effect of 3 organophosphates on foraging bees and their pollination ability was testes under the influence of these (Endosulfan WP, Azinphos-methyl EC and Malathion EC) chemicals. According to their results, Endosulfan was safer among all three. According to their observations, they concluded that the other two chemicals except Endosulfan, difference of formulations (wetable powder and Emulsifiable concentrate) is also one of the factors that made these chemicals more toxic than Endosulfan. Surviliene et al. (2009) published an article Insvestigation of Pesticides Effect on Pollination of Bumblebees in Greenhouse Tomatoes. In this article, they checked the effect of different chemicals on the bumblebee hives with different doses. They concluded that with the specific recommended doses of some specific chemicals did not affect the bee activities and lives while some chemicals badly affect the bees and their activities. As they used triazamat with 1 ml/lit concentration, Azadirachtin with 5ml/lit and propamocarb hydrochloride with 1.5 /ha. They did not notice nay bad effect on bumblebees while tolyfluanid with 1.5 mg/lit had negative effect on bee colonies and activities. Akca, I., C. Tuncer, A. Guler and I. Saruhan. 2009. Residual Toxicity of 8 different insecticides on honey bees ( Aps mellifera Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Anim. Veter. Adv. 8(3): 436-440. Batra, SWT. 1995. Bees and pollination in our changing environment. Apidologie. 26: 361-370. Cheung, S. N. S. 1973. The fable of the bees: an economic investigation. J. Law Econ. 16:11-33. Halm, M. P., A. Rortais, G. Arnold, J. N. Tasei and S. Rault. 2006. New risk assessment approach for systemic insecticides: the case of honey bees and Imidachloprid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40: 2448-2454. Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, J. T. Ambrose and R. M. Roe. 2004. Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Crop Protection. 23: 371-378. Jhohnson, R. 2010. Honey bee olony Collapse Disorder. Congressional Research Service. pp. 1-20. Kevan, P. G. 1999. Pollinators as bioindicators of the state of environment: species, activity and diversity. 74: 373-393. Liong, P. C. W. P. Hazah and V. Murugan. 1998. Toxocity of some pesticides towards fresh water fishes. Malaysian Agric. J. 54 (3): 147-156. Needham, P. H. and J. H. Stevenson. 1973. The toxicity to foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera, of Endosulfan, melathion and Azinophos-methyl applied to flowering oil seed rape, Brassica napus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 75: 235-240. Pretty, J. N., 1995. Regenerating agriculture: Policies nad Practice for sustainability and self-reliance. Earthscan Publications Limited, London, pp: 320. ISBN: 0309052483. Qadri, Y. H., A. N. Swamy and J. V. Rao. 1994. Species difference in brain acetylcholinerterasse response to monocrotophos in vitro. Ecotoxicol. Environ. 28: 91-98. PMID: 7523071. Schmid, R. 1975. Two hundred years of pollinationbiology: an overview. The Biologist. 57: 26-35. Surviliene, E., L. Raudonis and J. Jankauskiene. 2009. Investigation of pesticides effect on pollination of bumblebees in greenhouse tomatoes. SODININKYSTE IR DARZININKYSTE. 28(3): 235- 241. USDA, 2007. Census of Agriculture, Table 31, http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/ Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/st99_1_029_031.pdf.

Coffee Essay -- Essays Papers

Coffee It is 9:00 A.M. on a Monday morning. By this time, many people are out and about, fully charged. I am still snug in bed, sleeping like a log. The alarm begins to beep. I press the snooze button. Nine minutes later, it beeps again. I press the snooze. One more time. Beep. Snooze. Finally, pressing the button has drained my energy and the next time it begins to beep, it goes on for a good five minutes. The incessant beeping pounds on my brain so I get up, unplug my alarm, crawl out of bed, and to my closet. Thus, the struggle through the day begins. Yet, this morning picture isn't the same picture of happiness and energy that I usually am at about 11:30 A.M. This drastic change is due to one word. This one word brings light to the eyes of non-morning people. This word means hope. This word is coffee. I've become addicted to the frothy warm drink. Five minutes late to class, I still have to stop by the cafeteria to fill up a 16 oz. Styrofoam cup. Without it, my day is incomplete. It gives me the energy I need to get through the day. It told me to try and climb that tree. It gave me my jump. It gives me the bright outlook that I have on life. It tells me that everything will be just fine, even if I haven't studied for that exam that I will be taking in the next hour. I would be a walking zombie without my French Vanilla cappuccino. I would be lying on a bench, asleep, without my French Vanilla cappuccino. It's my one true love. When I smell its sweet perfume, m...

The Ethical Structure Behind Human Experimentation Essay -- Medicine H

The Ethical Structure Behind Human Experimentation The history of medical research in the twentieth century provides abundant evidence which shows how easy it is to exploit individuals, especially the sick, the weak, and the vulnerable, when the only moral guide for science is a naive utilitarian dedication to the greatest good for the greatest number. Locally administered internal review boards were thought to be a solution to the need for ethical safeguards to protect the human guinea pig. However, with problems surrounding informed consent, the differentiation between experimentation and treatment, and the new advances within medicine, internal review boards were found to be inadequate for the job. This led to the establishment of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission by President Bill Clinton in the hopes of setting clear ethical standards for human research. History Examples of unethical human research cases The dark history of human experimentation began with the clarification between experimentation and treatment. The larger public began to notice experimenters ethical neglect for their subjects in the early 1960s. Those charged with administering research funding took note of the public furor generated by the exposure of gross abuses in medical research. These included uncontrolled promotional distribution of thalidomide throughout the United States, labeled as an experimental drug; the administration of cancer cells to senile and debilitated patients at the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital; and the uncontrolled distribution of LSD to children at Harvard Medical Center through Professors Alpert and Leary. Most important was Henry Beechers 1966 article in the New England Journal of Medicine, detaili... ...S make amends for human radiation experiments." JAMA. v274, n12. September 27, 1995. pp. 933. Stone, Richard. "Eyeing a project's ethics." Science. v259, n5103. March 26, 1993. pp. 1820. Watson, Russel. "America's nuclear secrets." Newsweek. v122, n26. December 27, 1993. pp. 14-19. Williams, Peter. "Ethical principles in federal regulations: the case of children and research risks." The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. v21, n2. April 1996. pp. 169-214. Willwerth, James. "Madness in fine print: using mentally ill subjects for psychiatric experiments too often means extracting and relying on their ill-informed consent." Science News. v144, n19. November 7, 1994. pp. 62-64. Yeoh, C., E. Kiely, and H. Davies. "Unproven treatment in childhood oncology - how far should paediatricians co-operate." Journal of Medical Ethics. v20, n2. June 1994. pp. 75-77.

Life Of Robert Frost :: essays research papers

Prof. Sherlock 11/23/99 English 1004 The Farmer and The Father Often in literature it is found that writers use their writing to unveil parts of their lives. Writers also let their own life experiences influence the content of their writings. We have found that the writer Franz Kafta uses the isolation and pressure received from his family to help him build the basis for his story "The Metamorphosis." These real life occurrences make the literary work more enjoyable because of its genuine composition. This theory can also be applied to the life and writings of Robert Frost. Frost's entire life, his childhood, his marriage, the birth and deaths of his children, his relationship with nature, and his thriving life are the "genetic make -up" for his writings. Robert Frost goes through a lot of changes as a young boy and as an adult. He is born in 1874 to Robert Lee Frost Jr., a newspaper reporter and to Isabelle Moodie, a schoolteacher. The family lives in San Francisco, California for the beginning of Frost's life. However when Frost's mother becomes unhappy with the drinking problem of Frost's father they move in with the parents of Robert Frost. Unable to withstand the criticism by the family, Isabelle returns to Robert. Frost father dies in1895 and once again the family moves. They moved to the East Coast, where Frost attends a high school in Lawrence, New Hampshire. At this school Frost meets his future wife Miriam White. Frost shares in the graduation ceremony as co-valedictorian and in his address he speaks of poets response to experience, some of which will be his own. One year after graduation Miriam and Frost marry and Frost goes to Dartmouth College. Frost is not into his studies and leaves after only one semester. He returns to Lawrence where he works as a schoolteacher, mill hand and reporter. During this time Frost has publishes some of his writings in a weekly journal. In 1987 Frost enrolls at Harvard University to prepare himself to teach Latin, but due to an illness Frost drops out of school. Around this time in 1896 Frost's first child is born, Elliot. Elliot was the first of the five children in the Frost family. The Frosts have another child in 1899 and the next year Elliot passes away. These times become struggling times for the Frost family. Frost moves his family to Mass, where he buys a farm. Life Of Robert Frost :: essays research papers Prof. Sherlock 11/23/99 English 1004 The Farmer and The Father Often in literature it is found that writers use their writing to unveil parts of their lives. Writers also let their own life experiences influence the content of their writings. We have found that the writer Franz Kafta uses the isolation and pressure received from his family to help him build the basis for his story "The Metamorphosis." These real life occurrences make the literary work more enjoyable because of its genuine composition. This theory can also be applied to the life and writings of Robert Frost. Frost's entire life, his childhood, his marriage, the birth and deaths of his children, his relationship with nature, and his thriving life are the "genetic make -up" for his writings. Robert Frost goes through a lot of changes as a young boy and as an adult. He is born in 1874 to Robert Lee Frost Jr., a newspaper reporter and to Isabelle Moodie, a schoolteacher. The family lives in San Francisco, California for the beginning of Frost's life. However when Frost's mother becomes unhappy with the drinking problem of Frost's father they move in with the parents of Robert Frost. Unable to withstand the criticism by the family, Isabelle returns to Robert. Frost father dies in1895 and once again the family moves. They moved to the East Coast, where Frost attends a high school in Lawrence, New Hampshire. At this school Frost meets his future wife Miriam White. Frost shares in the graduation ceremony as co-valedictorian and in his address he speaks of poets response to experience, some of which will be his own. One year after graduation Miriam and Frost marry and Frost goes to Dartmouth College. Frost is not into his studies and leaves after only one semester. He returns to Lawrence where he works as a schoolteacher, mill hand and reporter. During this time Frost has publishes some of his writings in a weekly journal. In 1987 Frost enrolls at Harvard University to prepare himself to teach Latin, but due to an illness Frost drops out of school. Around this time in 1896 Frost's first child is born, Elliot. Elliot was the first of the five children in the Frost family. The Frosts have another child in 1899 and the next year Elliot passes away. These times become struggling times for the Frost family. Frost moves his family to Mass, where he buys a farm.

Quality Assessment Essay

â€Å"Assessment practises have a powerful impact on learning and teaching† (Curriculum Council of Western Australia, 2004, p. 37). For teachers the focus is on the use of assessment results; how they use those results to inform instructional decision making and whether they provide results that verify students have indeed met the learning targets originally set. Thus, judgements are made about the quality of assessments after the students’ performance. ‘High-quality’ assessments encompass a number of criteria’s and involve a great deal more than simply measuring knowledge (McMillan, 2011) and are outlined below in seven key areas. 1. Clear Purpose – The first decision is clarify the purpose for the assessment. Why is the assessment taking place? What is to be gained from it? Will the teacher be using formative techniques to monitor student progress or will the teacher use summative techniques to establish grades (Chappuis, Chappuis, & Stiggins, 2009)? â€Å"Knowing the reason for the assessment is crucial because this will determine what the assessment should look like, how it is administered and scored, and how the results will be used (McMillan, 2011, p.10)†. 2. Defined Learning Targets –Are they reasonable and do they ‘align’ with the state standards, student characteristics and overall goals (McMillan, 2011)? Learning targets need to be clear and understandable to everyone (Chappuis, Chappuis, & Stiggins, 2009). Learning targets are important as they define expectations. 3. Assessment Methods – The assessment methods, using either selected or constructed responses, need to align with the chosen learning targets (McMillan, 2011). â€Å"Selecting an assessment method that is incapable of reflecting the intended learning will compromise the accuracy of the results† (Chappuis, Chappuis, & Stiggins, 2009). These also need to practical and efficient so as not to be too time consuming on lessons. 4. Fairness – Fair assessments are unbiased without the influence of discrimination or subjective factors (McMillan, 2011). â€Å"All students should have an equal opportunity to demonstrate their achievement† (Curriculum Council of Western Australia, 2004, p. 38). 5.Validity & Reliability – Judgements should be based on all information and multiple measures that authenticate the conclusion (Curriculum Council of Western Australia, 2004). The assessment is useless unless the inference is appropriate, useful, reasonable and consistent (McMillan, 2011). 6. Criteria – Outlining criteria contributes to students’ learning by making clear the outcomes or goals they are striving for (Curriculum Council of Western Australia, 2004). â€Å"The issue of how student responses will be evaluated lies at the heart of any type of assessment† (McMillan, 2011, p.35). 7. Feedback – Feedback should be clear and constructive. Feedback by both by the teacher and self-assessment allows students to take responsibility for their learning and helps students â€Å"identify how they can improve their learning† (Killen, 2005, p. 98) and ensure motivation is high through positive consequences. By ensuring the lessons have a clear purpose, are well planned and allow all students’ to demonstrate their achievements through a fair, valid and reliable process, learning and teaching is improved and achievement is enhanced. â€Å"High quality assessments have consequences that will be positive for both students and yourself† (McMillan, 2011, p. 86). References Chappuis, S. , Chappuis, J. , & Stiggins, R. (2009). The Quest for Quality. Multiple Measures , 67 (3), 14-19. Curriculum Council of Western Australia. (2004). Curriculum Framework. Osborne Park: W. A. Killen, R. (2005). Programming and assessment for quality teaching and learning. South Thompson: Cengage. McMillan, J. H. (2011). Classroom Assessment: Principles and Practice for Effective Standards – Based Instruction (Fifth ed. ). Boston: Pearson.

Ordinary Or Proportionate Care

In medical terms, ordinary or proportionate care, which is beneficial, useful, and not unreasonably burdensome to the patient, is morally obligatory. On the other hand, extraordinary or disproportionate care, which may include exotic, experimental, or excessively burdensome treatments that are unlikely to benefit a patient or that include unreasonable costs relative to benefits, is not morally obligatory, though a patient may choose to accept it.The categories of proportionate and disproportionate care therefore, allow us to navigate between two dangerous extremes: the fundamentals that would have us preserve life at all costs by any means necessary without regard for the burdens imposed on the patient, and the fatalism that would tempt us to give up on gravely ill patients before their time and violate their rights to life and basic care.In the case of Roger Allen, his directive not to undergo surgery anymore if there is no guarantee that he will recover and assume a normal life is based on his right as an individual to decide what he wants to do with his body and to be protected from unwanted interference from others. In his perspective, Mr. Allen may be thinking that the burdens of treatment in terms pain, effort and costs are disproportionate relative to the anticipated benefits of the treatment.In the first place, there is no guarantee that the surgery will restore his health. If it fails, either he will die or he lives, only to be a burden to his two daughters and relatives in terms of financial costs as well as efforts of caregiving, not to mention the emotional pain that his daughters and relatives will be experiencing due to his condition. On the other hand, if we look at the daughters’ perspective, it is only natural that they will try to exhaust any means to save their father’s life.If surgery fails and in the end their father dies, at least their minds and hearts are at peace knowing that they have done their best to save him rather th an being tormented for the rest of their lives with the idea that they could have tried at that slim chance to save him. In my opinion however, the request of the daughters to monitor their father’s condition after surgery for six months is too long. I think one to two months would be long enough. By that span of time, the medical professionals would be able to assess if there is improvement and a chance that the father will recover.Also in that span of time, the daughters’ decision may also change considering the physical, mental and emotional toll that they had experienced in the care of their father. On the part of the doctor, I think that he has no other choice but to insist the father’s wish. He himself, cannot guarantee the success of the surgery and medical treatment may only be prolonging the agony of everyone concerned. Furthermore, in his perspective, discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary, or disproportionate to the expected outcome can be legitimate.No doubt, Mr. Allen’s treatment falls under this category since the diagnostic tests reveal significant brain damage and internal bleeding of unknown origin, requiring exploratory surgery. In his case, one does not will to cause death; one's inability to impede it is merely accepted. The decision is made by the patient himself assuming that he is competent and able or, if not, by those legally entitled to act for the patient, whose reasonable will and legitimate interests must always be respected.

Advantages of trade liberalization Essay

During these last decades, the world economy has experienced rapid growth. This growth has been fueled in part by the more rapid growth of international trade. Trade growth, in turn, results from both technological developments and concerted efforts to reduce barriers to trade. Some developing countries have opened their economies to take full advantage of opportunities for economic development through trade, but many are those who abstained. Trade barriers that persist in industrialized countries are concentrated on agricultural products and manufacturing intensive labor, for which developing countries have a comparative advantage. The pursuit of trade liberalization, particularly in these areas, both industrialized and developing countries, help the poorest out of extreme poverty while also benefiting the industrialized countries themselves. Policies that open economy to trade and investment around the world are essential to sustained economic growth. For several decades, no country experienced economic success, demonstrated by the substantial increase in living standards of its people, without being open to the rest of the world. Conversely, opening to trade – as well as foreign direct investment – was an important element in the economic success of East Asia, where over the last 20 years the average import duties fell to a level of 30 % to 10 %. China for example, remained closed in 2003 based on the undivided power of the Communist Party and its black market exchange rate premium, which averaged 36% between 1990-1999 (Easterly and Sewadeh, 2002). In addition, China had a relatively high average tariff rate, 31%, between 1990-1999. Today, we can  admit that China is perhaps the best example of the positive connection between openness and economic growth. Reforms in China transformed it from a highly protected market to perhaps the most open emerging market economy by the time it came into the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001 (1). The opening of their economy to the world market is the key factor that has enabled many developing countries to develop comparative advantages in the manufacture of certain products. In these countries that the World Bank called â€Å"new globalists† the number of people living in absolute poverty has declined by more than 120 million people (14% ) between 1993 and 1998 (2). There is a considerable number of facts showing that countries that are more open to the outside tend to consistently grow faster than those which are closed onto themselves (3). In fact, we can see that the benefits of trade liberalization can be more than ten times higher than its Cost. Countries that have opened their economies in recent years, including India, Vietnam and Uganda, have experienced faster growth and a more pronounced reduction of poverty (4). On average, those developing countries that have strongly reduced their tariffs in the 1980s have grown faster than other growth during the 1990s. Trade liberalization often particularly benefits to poors. The increased growth resulting from trade liberalization tends to increase the incomes of the poors in general at the same proportions as those of the entire population (5). New jobs are created for unskilled workers, enabling them to enter the middle class. Generally, inequality between countries has been declining since 1990 , reflecting the fastest economic growth in developing countries, which is partly due to the trade liberalization. Trade liberalization reduces the cost of living. For example, in the EU Member States, services such as transport, energy, postal services and telecommunications have previously been provided by national organisations with exclusive rights to provide a given service. By opening up these markets to international competition, consumers can now choose from a number of alternative service providers and products. Opening up these markets to competition has also allowed consumers to benefit from lower prices and new  services which are usually more efficient and consumer-friendly than before. This helps to make the economy more competitive (6). The elimination of the remaining trade barriers is likely to provide significant gains. Gains from the removal of all barriers to merchandise trade are estimated between 250 and 680 billion dollars per year. Approximately two thirds of these gains accrue to industrialized countries. But the amount for developing countries would still be more than two times higher than the support they currently receive. Further trade liberalization would benefit more, as a percentage of their GDP, to developing countries than to industrialized countries because their economies are more strongly protected and they face higher barriers. Although an improved access to the markets of other countries has advantages, liberalizing their own market is the most profitable to the countries. For industrialized countries, the main benefits come from the liberalization of agricultural markets. Developing countries benefit equally to liberalize their manufacturing and agriculture. Sources 1. http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/bert-hofman-chinas-economy-7-favorite-number For China’s Economy, 7 Is a Favorite Number, video April 24 2014 https://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/lardy.pdfTrade Liberalization and Its Role in Chinese Economic Growth, Nicholas R. Lardy, New Delhi, November 14-16, 2003 2. World Bank : Globalization, Growth, and Poverty : Facts, Fears and an Agenda for Action 3. Example: Jeffrey Frankel et David Romer, â€Å"Does Trade Cause Growth?†,American Economic Review, juin 1999 4. David Dollar, â€Å"Globalisation, Inequality, and Poverty since 1980†, World bank 5. David Dollar and Aart Kraay, â€Å"Trade, Growth, and Poverty†, World bank 2001 6. http://www.wto.org/french/thewto_f/whatis_f/10ben_f/10b04_f.htm La libà ©ralisation des à ©changes rà ©duit le coà »t de la vie, Organisation Mondiale du Commerce http://perso.univ-rennes1.fr/denis.delgay-troise/CI/Cours/REI111.pdf L’à ©volution des à ©changes internationaux

Dulce Est Decorum Est and This Is the Dark Time, My Love

Neither fame nor glory can compensate for the immense suffering that war inflicts on humanity. â€Å"Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori† is an ‘old’ lie told to youths ardent of joining the army. Not only are the targeted victims oppressed, but the soldiers who risk their lives fighting for their countries are left horrified. In both â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and â€Å"This is A Dark Time, My Love†, the intimate experiences of the personas give first-hand insights of the terrors and tortures of war. Imagery, pathetic fallacy and language vividly create the ghastly image of war. This is The Dark Time, My Love† is about a people whose dreams of a better life have been threatened by the destructive power of the â€Å"strange invaders. † The persona conveys his intense anger against the British military presence and his belief that their rule is wrong and they display total injustice. Additionally, the persona accentuates the subjection, devastation, death and anger of the people of Guyana. It focuses on the â€Å"dark time† that the people are facing that the experience of the war where â€Å"all around the land brown beetles crawl about†. Everywhere the faces of men are strained and anxious† tell of the fear and tension that the victims feel. Even nature is sympathetic as â€Å"red flowers bend their heads in awful sorrow. † The poet laments of the misery of his people, the instability of his people and the sorrow brought by these â€Å"strange invaders†. In â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, a soldier vividly describes the horrors of war as he hopelessly watches one of his comrades being â€Å"gassed. † Returning from the battle-field, â€Å"bent double,† coughing and limping with blood-shod feet, they had not heard the gas-filled shells being dropped. Luckily, most of the soldiers managed to escape, but unfortunately one of his comrades did not. As the persona recounts the traumatic experience, he lashes out at all who thinks that it is glorious and honourable to die for one’s country. The impact of the incident on the persona is one of loathing and revulsion. Both poets use imagery which is striking and graphic to inform us of the terrors of war. In â€Å"This is The Dark Time, My Love,† the visual image of the soldiers, â€Å"all around the land brown beetles crawl about†, in their thick armoury is like the beetles who have hard shells on their backs. All around† and â€Å"crawl† creates the image that they move around in large uniform masses, just like beetles. The word â€Å"crawl† also presents the image of the soldiers moving sneakily and invading the land with stealth. â€Å"Who comes walking in the dark night time? / Whose boot of steel tramps down the slender grass† creates the visual image of the soldiers, who can walk through the dark night fearlessly, unaffected by the dark times. An auditory image is also created as the tramping of the soldiers can be heard as they walk on the unthreatening, impotent grass. Imagery in this poem is used to describe the ways in which war oppresses innocent victims, whereas in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, similes are used to create images of the struggles soldiers face on the battlefield. The simile, â€Å"bent double, like old beggars under sacks†, is vivid as one can actually picture the soldiers â€Å"drunk with fatigue† and trying to make their way back to camp. They are hopeless and tired and though fighting for one’s country is said to be honourable, they are being compared to beggars. This line contrasts with the title of the poem. Both the visual and auditory image of the â€Å"knock-kneed† soldiers â€Å"coughing like hags† shows the choking effect of the smell of the gas. Their coughing sounds like that of an old, tired person, which they in fact are. They cannot breathe and being compared to ‘hags’ emasculates the soldiers. Pathetic fallacy is used in â€Å"This is the Dark Time, My Love† since even nature was in a state of sadness at the oppression of the society. This is seen by the personifications, â€Å"The shining sun is hidden in the sky/Red flowers bend their heads in awful sorrow. The flowers appear to mourn the people in the dark time who are victims of the violence of the soldiers and the suppression by the colonial powers. It seems as if the wilting flowers, whose stems are usually drooping, are actually bending their ‘heads’ in sympathy with those who have to live through the dark times. The â€Å"shining sun† represents hope and prosperity . It is unable to penetrate through the â€Å"dark times† where the people are hopeless and in despair. The sun being hidden in the sky reflects that there is no hope for the society. The emotive and intense language used in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† tells of the anger, revulsion and disgust the persona feels about being part of the war. â€Å"He plunges at me guttering, choking, drowning, â€Å"white eyes writhing in his face† and â€Å"blood come gargling from his froth-corrupted lungs† evokes sympathy in the reader. The soldier’s comrade did not die instantly from inhalation of the gas, he suffered before he died. In all the persona’s â€Å"smothering dreams,† he never thought he would experience anything like that. â€Å"Like a devil’s sick of sin† compares war to the devil who offers no good and will never be sick of sin. War only offers pain and suffering and it is as if those who declare war are in fact devils. â€Å"This is The Dark Time, My Love† and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† both aim to convey the universal message that the stereotypical assumptions about war and fighting for one’s country are lies. Both poems tell of the atrocities of war and that war affects everyone. In â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† the persona remarks that the battlefield is a horrifying experience and that many are scared for life and left feeling helpless and hopeless. The main comment the persona is trying to make is that dying for one’s country is neither noble nor honourable as people claim it to be and those anxious for glory should not buy into this belief. It emphasizes how much they had to suffer and the message received is that war is not worth the trauma and agony they have to endure. In â€Å"This is The dark Time, My Love,† the persona indicates that war is so dehumanising that even nature makes a statement as pathetic fallacy. The persona also refers to war as â€Å"the season of oppression . . and tears. † This alludes to the hostility and brutality to which the Guyanese are subjected and their suffering as a result. It goes on to say that it is a â€Å"festival of guns† and â€Å"Carnival of misery† showing that violence is so rampant, it seems to be a celebration. War imposes itself on the nation’s culture and robs the nation of its independence and dreams; â€Å"aiming at your dream. † War wreaks severe pain and distress on both soldiers and innocent, targeted people and this brings about the question whether war is really worth the suffering. Those who declare war do not endure the suffering and thus, preach that it is glorious to die for one’s country. However, as the both persona’s prove, it is no honour and certainly, no nobility to die for one’s country !

Marketing Plan Project Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Plan Project - Research Proposal Example There is a huge need for this kind of product among the people. The following study will provide some information and will develop a marketing plan for this developed product. Economic Environment and Competitive Environment Analysis US are one of the strongest, leading and developed economies in the world. The recent global recession in the year 2007-08 and the European financial crisis in the year2008-09 have affected the economic situation of the country. Most importantly, this economic downturn has affected the social and economic life cycle of a country. The per capita income of people has gone down due to this recession. Moreover, this unfavorable economic situation of the country has impacted negatively on the economic growth of the country. Currently, it is feasible that, the disposable income of people has gone down comparing to the pre era of global recession. Now-a-days, people are trying to save more rather than consuming. Several economic policies such as high tax rate, limited government expenditure has affected the economic situation of the country very badly. Looking into these factors, it can be said that, the country is still suffering from the impact of economic downturn. In terms of competitive environment, the success of the product depends upon the product attribute, price range of the products and existing rivalry in the operating market place. Depending upon these things, it can be said that, the product has several competitive advantages. First of all, this type of business market is still uncovered and untapped. Therefore, there is a huge opportunity for the brand to capitalize on the potential market opportunity. On the other hand, it can be said that, this kind of product will be very effective in the daily life of people. In terms of pricing, it can be said that, this product is affordable for the people of all kind of income group, such as lower middle, middle, upper middle and upper class. The low price range of the products is ad dressing that; people can afford this product without any hesitation. Lastly, in terms of competitors, it can be said that lack of competitors and due to untapped market the product can achieve huge competitive advantage and market share. It will help them to increase the target customer base. Data on the Market The organization can target a huge area of market place, as it is discussed earlier that, the specific market segment is still untapped. Moreover, according to a survey, it has been found out that, more than 75% people, including all kind of market segment it is feasible that, there has been already a need for this product. According to the respondents, it is feasible that, major of them are unhappy as they could not able to use 100% of a beauty cosmetic product or a tooth paste. Therefore, it has evidenced that, there are huge demand for the product. In terms of age it is feasible that, there is a need for the product among the people aged between 12 and 65. Moreover, in te rms of income group, it has been feasible that, people whose household income is more than 15,000 US dollar are the major target group of this product. In terms of gender of people, the products are seemed to be popular among the household female respondents comparing to other male respondents. The median income of the maximum

Differing Learning Styles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Differing Learning Styles - Assignment Example This learning style is mostly exhibited by potential teachers and professors as teachers and professors are observed to find ease in teaching these kinds of students. Adeel being a vocal learner finds it easier to learn through vocal lectures given by teachers, he listen to them very carefully and absorb information that is provided to them through aural teaching. He even takes participation in discussions with other classmates and he can comfortably adjust in any student groups and teams. As proposed earlier, culture, race, ethnicity, gender are certain factors due to which the learning styles of these students vary from each other. For example: James is a male students and is more tech savvy and he can easily learn through presentations and computer aided learning material, while on the other hand Sarah is a girl and lacks in the area of learning through technology and she needs somebody to instruct her properly and help her understand different material thus she face difficulty in learning through technological resources. Teachers even face difficulty in teaching students that have different learning styles as certain student learn through certain methods (Robins, 2006, p.110). Thus teachers should construct teaching methods that can be help students from different backgrounds learn the same thing

A REPORT ON GENDER SECURITY AND EDUCATION FOR ALL Essay

A REPORT ON GENDER SECURITY AND EDUCATION FOR ALL - Essay Example A secure world has a believe that gender security should not be regarded as a separate work stream within institutions and processes working on security and peace issues, instead should be a contemplation of everyone working on security and peace issues. Nevertheless, different scholars have come up with different definitions of gender security. Gender refers to social, economic, cultural and political opportunities and attributes related to being either a female or a male. For this case, gender security takes into consideration particular needs of women, men, girls and boys. This is done by promoting equality and participation of persons of all genders during the process of making decisions. This is mainly done through mainstreaming of gender in both local and international organizations. Education is an imperative thing to everybody, but it is very significant to women and girls in the society. This is because education has a great effect to both the family and generations to come. It is also considered as an entry point to various opportunities in the competitive world. Putting more resources in the girl’s education is one of the ways of curbing poverty and also reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. To ensure that there is no disparity in accessing education for both genders; teachers should ensure that there is proper planning for learning resources. This will ensure that there is a reduction of gender violence against women in the society. Education empowers women and girls to be familiar with their rights and claim them confidently. It also helps them in identifying the significance of health care facilities. A broad incorporation of dimensions of gender equality into learning processes is very important in ensuring effective delivery of security services and local ownership as it ensures accountability, oversight and strengthens the inclusion of security services (Adler, 2009). Nevertheless, planning of learning resources in many educational institutions does not involve both men and women during decision making processes and does not acknowledge adequately gender dynamics in trying to get the insight of such issues as gender and sexual violence. This leads to disparities in distribution of learning resources thus penetration the violation of learner’s rights which may lead to harassment and discrimination (Bastick, 2011). In most learning institutions, both women and men may have some differences in the learning activities they undertake. Such differences may be hindrances to the development since they restrict women from exercising their full potential. Men, boys, women and gir ls have various learning experiences, priorities, roles and needs. Planning of learning resources requires close attention to these disparities. It also ensures that

The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop - Essay Example But this initial impression of a sedentary, large old fish being caught with a struggle is belied when the poet sees the evidence of the tremendous battles the fish has already gone through in referring to it as â€Å"a five haired beard of wisdom trailing from his aching jaw.† The poem is therefore a tribute to the beauty and the miracle of survival. This is where the poet crates sympathy for the fish by combining both simile and metaphor as she mentions the five â€Å"old pieces of fish line† with their â€Å"five big hooks grown firmly in his mouth†, describing them as â€Å"medals with their ribbons frayed and wavering.† The fish with its aching jaw full of hooks, emerges as a symbol of pain and suffering, a battle embittered veteran of the waters. The poet has used the battered image of her boat and the grizzled old veteran fish of the waters, neither of which is particularly beautiful, in conjunction with an pool of oil bilge that produces a rainbow towards the end of the poem. â€Å"Rainbow, rainbow, rainbow!† before she lets the fish go at the end highlights the beauty that exists in the ugly old fish – it has survived. As the poet stares into its eyes, this is â€Å"the victory† that â€Å"filled up the little rented boat† and the realization of its beauty is highlighted t hrough the simile of the rainbow. Bishop has used the device of parallelism very effectively in this poem to enhance the beauty of sheer survival in this poem. She starts the poem with the parallelism of â€Å"didn’t fight, hadn’t fought at all† but hangs a dead weight, â€Å"battered and venerable and homely† and leads it into the repetition of â€Å"rainbow, rainbow, rainbow† to show the discovery of the beauty of the fish’s sheer struggle for survival, which is why she lets it go. While reading the poem initially, the reader gains the impression that the poet finds